作(zuo)為一(yi)名電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備操作(zuo)、維(wei)修(xiu)人員，要用(yong)好漏電(dian)(dian)保護器，必須對它有足夠的(de)了(le)解和認(ren)識，只有精(jing)通它的(de)原理(li)、結構、分(fen)類，才能做到靈活(huo)使(shi)用(yong)、正確使(shi)用(yong)、安全使(shi)用(yong)。

        一、下面逐一介紹關于漏電保護器的一些基本常識

        漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)，簡稱漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)開關，又(you)叫漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)斷路(lu)器(qi)，主要用在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，當設備發生(sheng)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)故(gu)障時保(bao)(bao)護(hu)人(ren)身安全(quan)，防止(zhi)觸電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的發生(sheng)，同(tong)時，也具(ju)有過(guo)載(zai)和(he)(he)短路(lu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)功能(neng)。漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)按其動(dong)作(zuo)信號類(lei)型(xing)分為電(dian)(dian)流型(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)。

        二、電流型漏電保護器的構成分四部分

        檢測(ce)元件：檢測(ce)元件可以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個零序電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器(qi)。被保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相線(xian)(xian)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)線(xian)(xian)穿過(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)鐵心(xin)，構(gou)(gou)成了互感器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)N1，纏繞在環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)鐵芯上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繞組構(gou)(gou)成了互感器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二次線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)N2，如果沒有(you)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)生(sheng)，這(zhe)時流(liu)過(guo)相線(xian)(xian)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)向量和等(deng)于(yu)零，因(yin)此在N2上(shang)(shang)也不能(neng)產生(sheng)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢。如果發(fa)生(sheng)了漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，相線(xian)(xian)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)向量和不等(deng)于(yu)零，就(jiu)(jiu)使N2上(shang)(shang)產生(sheng)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢，這(zhe)個信號(hao)就(jiu)(jiu)會被送到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)進行進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)通常包括放大(da)器(qi)、比(bi)較器(qi)、脫(tuo)扣器(qi)，當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子式時，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)還要輔助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)來提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)對來自零序互感器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)進行放大(da)和處理，并(bing)輸出到執(zhi)行機構(gou)(gou)。執(zhi)行機構(gou)(gou)：該結構(gou)(gou)用(yong)于(yu)接收(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指令信號(hao)，實施動(dong)作，自動(dong)切斷故障處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。試(shi)驗(yan)裝置：由于(yu)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個保護(hu)裝置，因(yin)此應定期檢查其是(shi)(shi)否完好、可靠。試(shi)驗(yan)裝置就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)試(shi)驗(yan)按鈕(niu)和限流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)聯，模擬漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路徑，以(yi)檢查裝置能(neng)否正常動(dong)作。

        三、零序互感器：一般指零序電流互感器

        定理：零(ling)序互感(gan)器遵循(xun)的(de)電(dian)路定理為(wei)基爾霍(huo)夫電(dian)流(liu)(liu)定律，也(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)節(jie)(jie)點電(dian)流(liu)(liu)定律，內容是：電(dian)路中(zhong)任(ren)一(yi)(yi)個節(jie)(jie)點上，在任(ren)一(yi)(yi)時刻，流(liu)(liu)入節(jie)(jie)點的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)和(he)等于流(liu)(liu)出節(jie)(jie)點的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)和(he)；也(ye)可以(yi)描(miao)述(shu)為(wei)，在任(ren)一(yi)(yi)瞬問，通(tong)過電(dian)路中(zhong)任(ren)一(yi)(yi)不包(bao)含電(dian)源的(de)假(jia)設(she)封閉面(mian)（節(jie)(jie)點、負載）的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)代數(shu)和(he)為(wei)零(ling)。

        作用(yong)：當電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中發(fa)生觸電(dian)(dian)或(huo)漏電(dian)(dian)故障時，互感(gan)器二次側輸出零(ling)序電(dian)(dian)流，使所接二次線(xian)路(lu)上的設備保護動作（切斷電(dian)(dian)源，報警等等）。

        1.裝設(she)范圍：

        必須安(an)裝(zhuang)漏電保(bao)護(hu)器（漏電開關）的設備(bei)和場所有：

        （1）移動式電氣(qi)設(she)備及手持式電動工具或直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)觸人體的電氣(qi)設(she)備；

        （2）安裝在潮濕(shi)、強(qiang)腐蝕(shi)性等惡劣場所的電(dian)氣(qi)設備；

        （3）建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)地(di)的電氣施(shi)工(gong)機(ji)械設備；

        （4）暫設臨(lin)時用(yong)電(dian)的電(dian)器(qi)設備；

        （5）一般的(de)插座回路；

        （6）游泳池(chi)、噴水池(chi)、浴池(chi)的水中照明設備；

        （7）安裝在水中的供電(dian)線路和設備。

        2.漏電保護器正常動作：

        電網確(que)有接地時，漏電保護器(qi)正常動(dong)作(zuo)。在(zai)這種正常動(dong)作(zuo)中，因(yin)(yin)電網老化、氣候環(huan)境變(bian)化，電網產生接地點引(yin)起的動(dong)作(zuo)占絕(jue)大多數，而因(yin)(yin)人身觸(chu)電引(yin)起的動(dong)作(zuo)則是極少數。

 ;       3.漏電(dian)保護器誤動(dong)作情況分析：

        電(dian)網本來沒有發生接(jie)地，而漏電(dian)保護(hu)器在以下(xia)情況(kuang)下(xia)可能(neng)產生誤(wu)動：

        （l）由于漏(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)是信號(hao)觸發動(dong)作的，那(nei)么(me)在其它電(dian)磁干擾(rao)下也會產(chan)生信號(hao)觸發漏(lou)電(dian)保護器(qi)動(dong)作，形成誤動(dong)；

        （2）當電源開關合(he)閘送電時，會產生沖擊(ji)信號造成(cheng)漏電保護器(qi)誤動；

        （3）多分支漏(lou)電之和可以造(zao)成越級誤動(dong)；

        （4）中(zhong)性(xing)線重(zhong)復接地可(ke)能(neng)造成串流(liu)誤動。

        4.漏(lou)電保護器(qi)拒(ju)動作情況分析：

        從技(ji)(ji)術原理(li)上分析，漏電保(bao)護器(qi)也存在可能產(chan)生拒動的技(ji)(ji)術誤區。

       ; （1）當中(zhong)性線產(chan)生重(zhong)復(fu)接地時，會使漏電保護器產(chan)生分流拒動，而(er)中(zhong)性線重(zhong)復(fu)接地點(dian)是很難找到的。

        （2）當電源缺(que)相(xiang)，所缺(que)相(xiang)又(you)正好是漏電保護(hu)器的(de)工作電源時，會產生拒動。

     ;   5.漏電(dian)保護器(qi)誤(wu)動作、拒(ju)動作原(yuan)理分析：

        由以(yi)上可(ke)以(yi)看出，漏電(dian)保(bao)護器在實(shi)際使用(yong)中發生的頻動、拒動問題，既有客觀環境和管理的原因，也有漏電(dian)保(bao)護器本(ben)身技術上的誤區。

        其一，由于中(zhong)性點接地(di)，電網相(xiang)線的支撐物(wu)常年承(cheng)受(shou)相(xiang)電壓(ya)，因而支撐物(wu)被(bei)擊穿，形(xing)成(cheng)電網接地(di)點，造成(cheng)泄漏(lou)，引(yin)起漏(lou)電保護(hu)器頻動。

        其二(er)，由于中性點接(jie)地，當(dang)相(xiang)線(xian)偶爾接(jie)地時，會(hui)立即(ji)產生很大的(de)泄漏(lou)電流，不僅增(zeng)大電損，易引起火災，更會(hui)加劇(ju)漏(lou)電保護器的(de)頻動。

        其三，由于中性點接地，當人身觸電(dian)時，會(hui)立即產生很大(da)的電(dian)擊(ji)(ji)流，對(dui)人的生命威(wei)脅非常大(da)，即使有漏電(dian)保護器(qi)也(ye)是(shi)先遭電(dian)擊(ji)(ji)，再動(dong)作保護，如果(guo)動(dong)作遲緩或失靈，后果(guo)會(hui)更加嚴重。

        其四，由于中性(xing)點接(jie)地(di)，電(dian)網對地(di)分布(bu)電(dian)容接(jie)在回路中，會加大開關合(he)閘(zha)時(shi)的對地(di)沖擊電(dian)流，造成誤動。

        其五，由于中(zhong)性點已經接地(di)(di)，中(zhong)性線發生(sheng)重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)(fu)接地(di)(di)很難被發現，中(zhong)性線重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)(fu)接地(di)(di)會使漏電(dian)保護器發生(sheng)分流拒動(dong)和串流誤動(dong)。

        1.當發生人體單(dan)相觸(chu)電事(shi)故(gu)時（這種事(shi)故(gu)在觸(chu)電事(shi)故(gu)中幾率最高），即在漏電保護器負載(zai)側(ce)接觸(chu)一(yi)根相線（火(huo)線）時它能起到很好的(de)保護作用。

        2.由于漏電(dian)保護器的(de)(de)作用是(shi)防患于未然，電(dian)路工作正常(chang)時(shi)反(fan)映不出來它的(de)(de)重(zhong)要，往往不易引起大(da)家的(de)(de)重(zhong)視。

        結語

        安(an)全(quan)無小事，用電要謹慎。作(zuo)(zuo)為用戶，我們要多了解用電常識，切實保護好自己的(de)人(ren)身安(an)全(quan)；作(zuo)(zuo)為一名(ming)電氣(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員，要把個人(ren)安(an)全(quan)和他人(ren)用電安(an)全(quan)放到同一個層面，認真對待，嚴格按照電氣(qi)(qi)規范進行施工和操作(zuo)(zuo)，保障好自己和用戶的(de)人(ren)身安(an)全(quan)，這樣才能成為一名(ming)合格的(de)電氣(qi)(qi)技(ji)術人(ren)員。

來源：網絡，版權歸原作者所有